Syllabus PGCET (M.Tech) Exam 2014

Friends hear is the syllabus(civil) for POST GRADUATE COMMON ENTRANCE EXAM 2014 ; As declared by GTU.
I hope it will be useful to you............

CIVIL ENGINEERING (CE)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems,
Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima,
Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals,
Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations
with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace
transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean,
median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by
trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain
relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr’s circle.
Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure
vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.
Structural Analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames,
displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/
energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods),
influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural
analysis.
Concrete Structures: Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete designbasic
working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members
subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed
concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads.
Steel Structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns,
column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic
analysis of beams .

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship
and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear
strength.
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests,
plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes,
finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect
of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep
foundation spile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin
friction.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum,
energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli’s equation,
laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform
flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on
immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic
modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall and its measurement, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge
relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well
hydraulics.
Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and
unlined canals, canal regulation structure, waterways, head works, gravity dams, earthen dam and spillways.
Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and
drainage, sodic soils.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Water requirements: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking
water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment,
distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic
wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment
Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.
Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control,
air quality standards and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered
systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal).
Noise Pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of
noise pollution.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of
flexible and rigid pavements.
Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal
design, highway capacity.
Basic concept on Air Port Planning , runway design ,Harbour and railways.

SURVEYING

Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map

projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying,

errors and adjustments, curves.

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‘GREEN’ BUILDINGS

‘GREEN’ BUILDINGS:..................................................................................................................

Are ‘green’ buildings working from the building users’ perspective? This paper presents initial findings from 45 Australian buildings  with a view to highlighting lessons towards developing successful green buildings. By ‘green’ we mean buildings that have been created with explicit intent to include environmentally sustainable design (ESD) features and principles. Although the objective may be to create buildings with less environmental impact, they may not necessarily achieve this in reality. While the relative performance of buildings can be measured in terms of aspects such as water and energy efficiency, it is vital to understand the experience of the buildings from the users’ point of view. Not only can a poorly performing building affect users’ well being and productivity, in addition, subsequent measures needed to alleviate users’ discomfort can result in great expense and in the building failing to achieve its efficiency targets. Our discussion here deals with end-user responses. A more complete picture would require study of both technical performance, including detailed energy assessment using measured data over a period of time, in conjunction with occupant surveys. This is not attempted within the present study, which is limited to building users’ experiences and feedback.

Why do occupants appear more tolerant
of green buildings?


Indoor environment research on thermal comfort  show that users are more often tolerant of conditions where they have more control, sometimes irrespective of whether conditions are actually physically better. Users appear to be happier if they understand how the building is supposed to work either because the design intent is made clear and/or because the controls are easy to understand and work well.

Homebuilders Go Green

 

• As green technology becomes more prominent, the construction industry may see a further shift in that direction to accommodate increasing demand. This isn't merely the case with private homes. Green technology is also being adopted in the commercial sector, and as we've seen recently, college campuses.

  The building was designed by 60 interdisciplinary students from Stevens for the U.S. Dept. of Energy’s 2013 Solar Decathlon Competition. The biannual competition features 20 university teams from around the world competing to design energy-efficient solar homes. It culminates Oct. 3-13, as the homes are displayed to the public. Once the competition is finished, the team from Stevens will donate its building, dubbed “Eco Habit,” to CSUSM. 

  The technologies incorporated into the new veteran’s center will include solar shingles, a rainwater harvesting system, as well as an energy-and-water-saving system for heating, cooling, and plumbing. The building will also have a central control program which collects and analyzes sensor data from each system in order to maximize efficiency. 

SLUMP TEST

Slump test
on concrete::

The Slump Test
Materials and tools

• A sample of freshly mixed concrete (about half a wheelbarrow full)

• A wheelbarrow and shovel

• A flat steel plate about 600 x 600 mm by 3 mm thick

• A metric rule or tape measure

• A scoop

• A steel tamping rod, 16 mm in diameter by 600 mm long that has at least one end        rounded

• A standard slump mould (see Figure 1). The footplates should be positioned 5 mm above the base of the cone.

How to measure the slump

1. Mix the concrete in the wheelbarrow.

2. Wipe all the tools including the mould and base plate with

a damp cloth.

3. Put the steel plate down on a level place so that it is firm,

and then put the slump mould on it with the narrow end at

the top. Stand on the footpieces.

4. Fill the slump mould in three layers of about equal depth.

Tamp through each layer 25 times with the rounded end of

the tamping rod.

5. The last layer should more than fill the mould. After tamping

the last layer, strike off the excess concrete, using a sawing

and rolling motion of the tamping rod, so that the mould is

completely filled and level.

6. Hold the mould by the handles to keep it steady while you step off the footpieces.

7. Slowly lift the slump mould straight up and off .

8. Turn the slump mould upside down and place it on the plate, next to the concrete.

9. Rest the tamping rod on top of the slump mould so that one end is above the concrete.

10. Carefully measure the distance between the bottom of the tamping rod and the highest point of the concrete to the nearest 5 mm.

11. If you don’t get a true slump , repeat the test. If the slump is still not normal, ask for advice.

Root Zone Treatment Technology for Sewage

root zone treatment Technology for sewage::


The process in a root zone system to treat the sewage is very simple to explain yet complex in nature. Raw effluent (after removing grit or floating material is passed horizontally or vertically through a bed of soil having impervious bottom. The effluent percolates through the bed that has all the roots of the wetland plants spread very thickly . nearly 2,500 types of bacteria and 10,000 types of Fungi, which harbor around roots get oxygen form the weak membranes of the roots and aerobically oxidize the organic matter of the effluent.

The characteristics of plants of absorbing oxygen through their leaves and passing it down to roots through their stems which are hollow, is utilized as a bio-pump. Away from the roots, anaerobic digestion also takes place. The filtering action of the soil bed, the action with fungi etc. and chemical action with certain existing or added inorganic chemicals help in finally obtaining a very clear and clean water.

The system of plants regenerates itself as the old plants die and form useful humus. Hence the system becomes maintenance free and can run upto 50 to 60 years without any loss of efficiency as has been described. 

It is advantageous to treat the sewage by root zone system. It achieves the standard for tertiary level treatment standard with no operating cost. There is no chemical used for pH adjustment or for flocculation. Low electricity is consumed for pumping treated water from the collection tank to the reed bed. From the reed bed the treated water is collected and used for irrigation by gradient flow. 

The root zone system has low maintenance cost since it involves no machinery and its associated maintenance. It requires negligible attendance for operation and monitoring. It has no sludge handling problem such as scraping of slurry from the sludge drying beds and its disposal twice in a week. 

• It enhances the landscape and gives the site a green appeal.
• It provides natural habitat for birds and after a few years gives an appearance of a Bird´s sanctuary.
• It is though an effluent treatment plant, it does not have odour problem and though
• It is a green zone, it does not have mosquitoes problem.
• The reeds are not grazed by ruminants.
• Salinity may not be a problem for a survival or operations of reed beds.
• It is recommended to combine vertical flow and then horizontal flow of sewage with a soil having impervious bottom.
• In the horizontal flow system, the sewage percolates through bed and that has all roots of the wetland plants spread very thickly nearly with 2500 types of bacteria and 10,000 types of fungi and aerobically oxidized organic matter of the effluent.
• Root zone system gives a very good performance of removing 90% BOD and 63% Nitrogen.
• Phragmites australis has been found more efficient in nitrogen removal compared to Typha latifolia.

NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION

NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION ON PILES AND PILE GROUP

When a fill or load is placed on compressible soil deposit, consolidation of the compressible material takes place. When the piles are driven through compressible soils before consolidation is complete or the site has newly placed fill or will be placed in future, the compressible soil will downward relative to the pile. The downward movement of soil develops skin friction between the pile and the surrounding soil and it is termed as negative skin friction. Negative skin friction can be developed from lowering on water level in compressible soils such as clay, peat, mud and soft soil and also due to increase in stress by some means (e.g. filling).

The investigations showed that negative frictional forces appear at the time of occurrence of continuous settlement of the soil relative to the pile, but for their maximum development this settlement should be relatively large, of the order of 5 cm and more. In addition, it was established that the negative frictional forces act only during active displacement of the soil surrounding the pile as a result of its consolidation or other causes. After this displacement stops the negative frictional forces practically disappear.

The established physical characteristics of the effect of negative frictional forces permitted taking the presence of an excess of the rate of soil settlement over the rate of pile settlement as the criterion of their occurrence. The suggestions on calculating piles worked out with consideration of this criterion allows in a number of cases disregarding the negative frictional forces in the effective design load or taking them to be considerably less than by the previously known calculation methods.

The net ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile is given by the equation

Qu'=Qu - Qnsf

Qnsf = negative skin friction

Qu' = net ultimate load

kalpasar project

The Kalpasar Project envisages building a dam across the Gulf of Khambat for generating tidal power and for establishing a huge reservoir for fresh water for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. A 10 lane road link will also be set up over the dam, greatly reducing the distance between Saurashtra and South Gujarat.

Gujarat has been a water scarce State with 70% of the water resources available in 25% of the geographical area. Saurashtra in particular has been a region with water shortage for agricultural land. Additionally, the water storage capacity in Gujarat is quite lower that the rainwater availability. To meet these challenges, the idea of storing 10,000 MCM (million cubic metre) additional rainwater by developing a freshwater reservoir in the Gulf of Khambhat came up.

There are several benefits foreseen as an outcome of the Kalpasar Project. Some of them are as following:

• Nearly 10.54 ha. Land in 39 talukas of 6 districts of Saurashtra region will be provided with irrigation facilities.
• The increase in irrigation intensity will be upto 46% as compared to the current increase of 19%.
• The travel distance between Bhavnagar and Surat is expected to decrease leading to better connectivity to the faster growing city of Surat.
• The land which gets frequently submerged in the periphery of Gulf of Khambhat will be reclaimed.
• The development of land with Kalpasar Project will also enhance accessibility to other projects such as Dholera SIR and Delhi- Mumbai Industrial Corridor
• The saline ground water will be converted to sweet water leading in improved quality of water for drinking and agricultural purposes.
• The pumping of irrigation water will be done with the renewable resource of Wind Energy.

Waste Water Treatment

Waste water treatment can involve physical, chemical or biological processes or combinations of these processes depending on the required  outflow standards.

The first stage of waste water treatment takes  place in the preliminary treatment plant where  material such as oils, fats, grease, grit, rags and  large solids are removed. These processes are  described in greater detail in the preliminary  treatment manual (EPA, 1995).  Primary settlement is sometimes used prior to  biological treatment. Radial or horizontal flow  tanks are normally employed to reduce the  velocity of flow of the waste water such that a  proportion of suspended matter settles out.  Biological treatment of waste waters takes place  in fixed media or suspended growth reactors  using activated sludge, biofiltration, rotating 

biological contactors, constructed wetlands or  variants of these processes. Nitrification/denitrification and biological  phosphorus removal can be incorporated at this  stage and will reduce nutrient concentrations in the outflow.

Chemical treatment is used to improve the settling  abilities of suspended solids prior to a solids  removal stage or to adjust the properties or  components of waste water prior to biological  treatment (e.g. pH adjustment, reduction of heavy  metals or nutrient adjustment). It may also be  used for precipitating phosphorus in conjunction  with biological phosphorus treatment.  Secondary settlement separates the sludge solids  from the outflow of the biological stage

Tertiary treatment refers to processes which are  used to further reduce parameter values below the standards set out in national regulations. The term is often used in reference to nutrient removal. 

Sludge treatment can be a significant part of a  waste water treatment plant and involves the  stabilisation and/or thickening and dewatering of  sludge prior to reuse or disposal. 

COMMUNITY HALL

Computation of quantity and the its cost is given below for this planed community hall.............i hope this will be helpful for vishwakarma yojana students........

It is designed for a village having population around 15000.

It contains one central hall with two multi-purpose room (can be used as kitchen) and one office.

Except it contains four rooms for residential purpose, two large size storage rooms for various storage purposes. There are two toilets blocks separate for men and women. It also have large ground open to sky which serves for various purposes and also have parking facility for comfort of their users.

We designed the hall in staad pro software in which following dimensions are taken as design dimension.

Beams 0.3*0.6 and 0.4*0.6.

Columns 0.4*0.6

Measurement Sheet

Sr no	Item of work	no	L m	B m	D/ H m	QUANTITY
1	Excavation in foundation for columns	37	0.7	0.9	0.7	16.31 m3
2	BBLC work in foundation	37	0.7	0.9	0.2	4.662 m3
3	Masonry work
	1 st footing	37	0.6	0.8	0.2	3.552
	2 ND footing	37	0.5	0.7	0.2	2.59
	3 rd. footing	37	0.4	0.6	0.1	0.888
						7.03 m3
4	Masonry work in super structure	1	304.6	0.2	3	182.76 m3
5	RCC work for all columns	37	0.4	0.6	3	26.64 m3
6	External plaster	1	152	-	3	456 m2
7	Internal plaster	1	462	-	3	1386 m2
8	RCC slab work	1	50	26	0.1	130 m3
9	Steel work
	In slab [(130*1)/100]*78.5 =102.05 q/m3=1025 kg					1025 kg
	In column [(26.64*1)/100]*78.5 =20.91 q/m3=2091 kg					2091 kg
10	Parapet wall	1	152	-	0.6	91.2 m2

Abstract Sheet

Sr No.	Items	Quantity	Unit	Rate Rs	Amount Rs
1	Earthwork in Excavation for columns including labour and machinery	16.31 m3	cum	205	3343.55
2	B.B.L.C in Foundation Base(1:3:6)	4.662 m3	cum	2604	12139
3	Brickwork in foundation up to plinth	7.03 m3	cum	3190	22481.94
4	R.C.C work 1:2:4 in columns	26.64 m3	cum	4937	131521.7
5	R.C.C work 1:2:4 in slabs and chajja fair finished excluding steel reinforcement and its bending but including centring and shuttering and binding steel- and labour work	130 m3	cum	4937	641810
6	Mild Steel including reinforcement in R.C.C works in slab	1025 kg	Kg	54.87	56241.75
	In column	2091 kg	kg	54.87	114733.17
7	1st Class Brickwork in 1:6 cement mortar:	304.6 m3	cum	3321	60676.32
8	12mm inside Plaster in 1:6 cement mortar	1386 m2	Sq. m	100	138600
	12mm outside Plaster in 1:6 cement mortar	456 m2	Sq. m	130	59280
9	Painting two coats over one coat of priming:	1842 m2	Sq. m	20	36840
10	Brickwork in parapet wall	91.2	Cum	399	38388.8
		Total =1358732
		3% Contingencies = 40800
		2% Work charged Establishment = 27170
		Add 8% for water supply works and sanitary works =108700
		Grand Total = 1535402 Say 15, 35,500 rs.